Dr. Howard Barrell is Coordinator of the MA Political Communications at Cardiff University and is former coordinator of the university’s MA International Journalism. He is a one-time editor of the Mail & Guardian, the South African political weekly and has worked for the Financial Times andThe Guardian in the UK. He reported extensively for the media in South Africa and abroad on the ANC and other outlawed movements during the struggle against apartheid. He served in ANC intelligence and information structures both in the movement’s exile organisation and in the domestic underground in the 1980s. He has been politically independent since 1988. In 1993, he completed a doctorate at Oxford University on ANC operational strategy between 1976 and 1986.